Conservative Republicans and Democrats in Congress joined the informal conservative coalition. The economic downturn of 1937–1938 and the bitter split between the American Federation of Labor (AFL) and Congress of Industrial Organizations (CIO) labor unions led to major Republican gains in Congress in 1938. The FSA was also one of the oversight authorities of the Puerto Rico Reconstruction Administration, which administered relief efforts to Puerto Rican citizens affected by the Great Depression. The final major items of New Deal legislation were the creation of the United States Housing Authority and the FSA, which both occurred in 1937 and the Fair Labor Standards Act of 1938, which set maximum hours and minimum wages for most categories of workers. The Second New Deal in 1935–1936 included the National Labor Relations Act to protect labor organizing, the Works Progress Administration (WPA) relief program (which made the federal government the largest employer in the nation), the Social Security Act and new programs to aid tenant farmers and migrant workers. The controversial work of the National Recovery Administration (NRA) was also part of the First New Deal. The Securities Act of 1933 was enacted to prevent a repeated stock market crash. The Federal Emergency Relief Administration (FERA) provided US$500 million (equivalent to $11.3 billion in 2022) for relief operations by states and cities, and the short-lived CWA gave locals money to operate make-work projects from 1933 to 1934. The First New Deal (1933–1934) dealt with the pressing banking crisis through the Emergency Banking Act and the 1933 Banking Act. Summary of First and Second New Deal programs The realignment crystallized into the New Deal coalition that dominated presidential elections into the 1960s and the opposing conservative coalition largely controlled Congress in domestic affairs from 1937 to 1964. The Republicans were split, with progressive Republicans in support but conservatives opposing the entire New Deal as hostile to business and economic growth. The New Deal produced a political realignment, making the Democratic Party the majority (as well as the party that held the White House for seven out of the nine presidential terms from 1933 to 1969) with its base in progressive ideas, the South, big city machines and the newly empowered labor unions, and various ethnic groups. The programs focused on what historians refer to as the "3 R's": relief for the unemployed and for the poor, recovery of the economy back to normal levels, and reform of the financial system to prevent a repeat depression. New Deal programs included both laws passed by Congress as well as presidential executive orders during the first term of the presidency of Franklin D. The New Deal included new constraints and safeguards on the banking industry and efforts to re-inflate the economy after prices had fallen sharply. They provided support for farmers, the unemployed, youth, and the elderly. Major federal programs and agencies included the Civilian Conservation Corps (CCC), the Works Progress Administration (WPA), the Civil Works Administration (CWA), the Farm Security Administration (FSA), the National Industrial Recovery Act of 1933 (NIRA) and the Social Security Administration (SSA). Roosevelt in the United States between 19. The New Deal was a series of programs, public work projects, financial reforms, and regulations enacted by President Franklin D. Reform of Wall Street relief for farmers and unemployed social security political power shifts to Democratic New Deal Coalition Roosevelt led the New Dealers īottom: A public mural from the arts program Top left: The TVA Act signed into law in 1933
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